Fermin Lopez was the hero for Hansi Flick's side, scoring twice as Barcelona overturned an early deficit to claim all three points in a thrilling Matchday 12 encounter.
Atletico Madrid made an impressive start and took the lead in the 10th minute through Giuliano Simeone, who turned home Julian Alvarez's cross from close range.
Diego Simeone's men continued to threaten Barcelona's defence, with Julian Alvarez missing an opportunity to extend their advantage.
Barcelona gradually found their rhythm, with Lamine Yamal and Pedri becoming increasingly influential in the attacking areas.
Their pressure eventually paid off just before half-time when Pedri drove forward and created an opportunity for Fermin Lopez, who calmly swept the ball into the net in the 45th minute to restore parity.
Both teams headed into the dressing room with the score level at 1-1.
Barcelona returned for the second half with greater control and began dominating possession, putting Atletico under sustained pressure.
The visitors completed their comeback in the 66th minute when Lamine Yamal delivered an incisive pass into the penalty area, allowing Fermin Lopez to finish clinically and register his second goal of the evening.
Atletico attempted to respond, but Barcelona defended their advantage intelligently and used their possession to limit the home side's opportunities.
Despite late efforts from Diego Simeone's team, the Catalan giants held on to secure a valuable away victory.
The result keeps Barcelona three points ahead of Real Madrid at the top of LaLiga after 12 matches, while Atletico Madrid remain third, five points behind the leaders.
The victory also ended Atletico Madrid's seven-match winning run across all competitions.
Full-time: Atletico Madrid 1-2 Barcelona
Goalscorers:
• Atletico Madrid: Giuliano Simeone 10'.
• Barcelona: Fermin Lopez 45', 66'.
Competition: Spanish LaLiga, Matchday 12.
Venue: Riyadh Air Metropolitano, Madrid.