Dodi Lukébakio had given Belgium the lead in the 35th minute, but France produced a remarkable late turnaround after Zinedine Zidane introduced Désiré Doué, Rayan Cherki and Michael Olise from the bench.
Belgium take the lead
France dominated possession during the opening stages but struggled to turn their control into clear chances.
Belgium grew into the contest and took the lead in the 35th minute when Lukébakio finished to put the visitors 1-0 ahead.
France went into the interval behind despite having controlled much of the ball.
Substitutes change the game
Zidane's substitutions transformed the match after the break.
Désiré Doué levelled for France in the 77th minute with a left-footed effort from the edge of the penalty area.
Four minutes later, Rayan Cherki completed the turnaround, finishing from an Olise cross to put France 2-1 ahead.
Olise then took centre stage.
The Bayern Munich forward made it 3-1 in the 88th minute after receiving a pass from Doué before finding the bottom corner.
He completed his brace in the first minute of stoppage time, combining with Doué again before finishing clinically to seal a remarkable 4-1 victory.
France maintain control of Group A1
The victory leaves France top of Group A1 with 10 points from four matches, three points ahead of Italy and four clear of Belgium.
France remain unbeaten in the group after victories over Türkiye and Belgium, followed by their 1-1 draw with Italy.
The result also gives Zidane his first home victory as France coach, three days after his side were held to a draw by Italy.
Match summary
• France: Désiré Doué 77', Rayan Cherki 81', Michael Olise 88', 90+1'
• Belgium: Dodi Lukébakio 35'
• Competition: UEFA Nations League, Group A1
• Venue: Stade de France, Saint-Denis
• Result: France 4-1 Belgium
• France's position: Top of Group A1 with 10 points
France will next travel to Italy in November before hosting Türkiye in their final Group A1 fixture, with qualification for the Nations League quarter-finals now within close reach.